OPTIMIZED KINETICS

This study compares the total cost of ownership and greenhouse gas intensity of electric vehicles using Direct Current Fast Charging, Battery Swapping, and Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer. Based on nationwide infrastructure deployment simulations, this study shows the change to total cost of ownership from adopting electric vehicles varies by vehicle category and location, with local fuel prices, electricity prices, and traffic volumes dramatically impacting results.

Total change in cost due to electric vehicle (EV) adoption from 2031 to 2050. County level results are presented for the change in total cost of ownership due to the transition from internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) to EVs (a–c) as a percentage and (d–f) in billions (B) of 2022 United States Dollars (USD). Each map corresponds to EVs charged via (a, d) Direct Current Fast Charging (DCFC), (b, e) Battery Swapping (BSS), and (c, f) Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer (DWPT). Base map layer is available from OpenStreetMap (openstreetmap.org/copyright)

Breakdown of the 10-year total cost of ownership. Results are presented for an average a passenger car, b light-duty truck, c medium-duty vehicle, and d heavy-duty vehicle in the contiguous United States. The vehicle types include electric vehicles (EVs) charged via Direct Current Fast Charging (DCFC-EV), Battery Swapping (BSS-EV), and Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer (DWPT-EV). The EVs are compared to an average internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) and hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) from each vehicle category. 2022 United States Dollars (USD).

Total change to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from electric vehicle (EV) adoption. The maps are for the change in GHG emissions of on-road vehicle transportation in United States counties by switching from internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) to EVs charged via (a, d) Direct Current Fast Charging (DCFC), (b, e) Battery Swapping (BSS), and (c, f) Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer (DWPT). The results are presented as (a–c) a percentage and (d–f) in billions (B) of kilograms (kg) of carbon dioxide equivalent. Base map layer is available from OpenStreetMap (openstreetmap.org/copyright)

Breakdown of the lifetime greenhouse gas intensity. Results are for an average a passenger car, b light-duty truck, c medium-duty vehicle, and d heavy-duty vehicle in the contiguous United States. The vehicle scenarios include electric vehicles (EVs) charged via Direct Current Fast Charging (DCFC-EV), Battery Swapping (BSS-EV), and Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer (DWPT-EV). Results are compared to an internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) and hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) from each vehicle category. Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e).

Levelized cost of charging in United States counties. Results are presented for a Direct Current Fast Charging (DCFC), b Battery Swapping (BSS), and c Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer (DWPT). Base map layer is available from OpenStreetMap (openstreetmap.org/copyright)

Breakdown of the charging/fuel cost. Average costs in the contiguous United States are shown for electric vehicles charged via Direct Current Fast Charging (DCFC-EV), Battery Swapping (BSS-EV), and Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer (DWPT-EV). Results are compared to an average internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) and hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) fueled by gasoline or diesel for the vehicle categories of a passenger car, b light duty truck, c medium duty vehicle, and d heavy duty vehicle.